what are the three minimum pieces of information required to create a quotation?
How to Quote | Citation Examples in APA, MLA & Chicago
Quoting ways copying a passage of someone else'southward words and crediting the source. To quote a source, you must ensure:
- The quoted text is enclosed in quotation marks or formatted as a cake quote.
- The original author is correctly cited.
- The text is identical to the original.
The exact format of a quote depends on how long information technology is and which citation mode you are using. Quoting and citing correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism.
How to cite a quote in APA, MLA and Chicago
Every time yous quote, you must cite the source correctly. This looks slightly different depending on the citation style you lot're using. Three of the most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago.
Citing a quote in APA Style
To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the writer's last name, the year, and a folio number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, employ "p."; if it spans a page range, use "pp."
An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative. In a parenthetical citation, you place all the information in parentheses after the quote. In a narrative citation, you proper noun the author in your sentence (followed by the year), and place the folio number after the quote.
Punctuation marks such as periods and commas are placed afterward the commendation, not within the quotation marks.
- Evolution is a gradual procedure that "can act merely by very short and dull steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
- Darwin (1859) explains that evolution "tin can human action only past very brusk and slow steps" (p. 510).
Citing a quote in MLA Way
An MLA in-text citation includes simply the author'southward terminal name and a folio number. Every bit in APA, it can be parenthetical or narrative, and a period (or other punctuation mark) appears after the citation.
- Evolution is a gradual process that "tin act only past very short and irksome steps" (Darwin 510).
- Darwin explains that evolution "can act only by very curt and slow steps" (510).
Citing a quote in Chicago Way
There are two versions of Chicago Style citation: the author-date system, and the notes and bibliography arrangement.
The author-date system looks similar to APA: you include the writer, twelvemonth, and page number in parentheses.
- Evolution is a gradual procedure that "can act merely by very brusque and slow steps" (Darwin 1859, 510).
- Darwin (1859) explains that evolution "can act only by very short and slow steps" (510).
The notes and bibliography system uses footnotes to cite sources. A annotation, indicated past a superscript number placed direct subsequently the quote, specifies the author, title, and page number—or sometimes fuller data.
Unlike with parenthetical citations, in this style, the period or other punctuation mark should announced within the quotation marks, followed past the footnote number.
1. Darwin, The Origin of the Species, 510.
In all styles, you too need to listing all the sources you cited at the cease of your paper. The requirements for formatting this list vary past citation style.
APA Reference PageMLA Works CitedChicago Bibliography
Cake quotes
If you quote more than than a few lines from a source, you must format it as a block quote. Instead of using quotation marks, you set the quote on a new line and indent it so that information technology forms a carve up cake of text.
| Commendation manner | When to cake quote |
|---|---|
| APA |
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| MLA |
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| Chicago |
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Cake quoting is almost common in literary analysis, where detailed assay of the original text requires you to quote at length.
Cake quotes are cited the same as regular quotes, except that if the quote ends with a period, the commendation appearslater on the period.
To the end of his days Bilbo could never call back how he found himself outside, without a hat, a walking-stick or any money, or anything that he ordinarily took when he went out; leaving his 2nd breakfast half-finished and quite unwashed-up, pushing his keys into Gandalf's easily, and running as fast every bit his furry feet could carry him down the lane, past the great Mill, across The H2o, and and then on for a mile or more than. (sixteen)
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Introducing quotes
Avoid including quotations as entire stand up-alone sentences. Each time you quote, you must introduce it in your own words. This shows the reader why you're including the quote and how it relates to your argument.
There are three main strategies you lot can apply to introduce quotes in a grammatically correct way. The following examples use APA Way citations, simply these strategies can exist used in all styles.
Introductory sentence
Introduce the quote with a total judgement followed by a colon.
If you name the author in your sentence, you may utilize present-tense verbs, such every bit states,argues,explains, writes, orreports, to depict the content of the quote.
- In Kingdom of denmark, a recent poll shows that support for the European union has grown since the Brexit vote: "A membership plebiscite held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters" (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
- Levring (2018) reports that support for the Eu has grown since the Brexit vote: "A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 pct of Danish voters" (p. three).
Introductory signal phrase
Use a signal phrase that mentions the author or source, only doesn't form a total sentence. In this case, you follow the phrase with a comma instead of a colon.
- According to a recent poll, "A membership referendum held today would be backed past 55 percent of Danish voters" (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
- Equally Levring (2018) explains, "A membership plebiscite held today would be backed past 55 percentage of Danish voters" (p. 3).
Integrated into your own sentence
To quote a phrase that doesn't form a total sentence, you can too integrate information technology equally office of your sentence.
- A recent poll suggests that Eu membership "would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters" in a referendum (Levring, 2018, p. three).
- Levring (2018) reports that European union membership "would be backed by 55 percentage of Danish voters" in a plebiscite (p. 3).
Shortening a quote
If some parts of a passage are redundant or irrelevant, you can shorten the quote past removing words, phrases, or sentences and replacing them with three dots, called an ellipsis. Nigh style guides specify that there should be a space before, after, and between each of the dots.
When you lot shorten a quote, be careful that removing the words doesn't modify the meaning. The ellipsis indicates that some text has been removed, simply the shortened quote should all the same accurately represent the author's bespeak.
When should you lot use quotes?
In academic papers and essays, you lot should avert relying besides heavily on quotes. When yous desire to refer to information or ideas from a source, information technology'due south oft best to paraphrase, which ways putting the passage in your own words. This shows that you have fully understood the text and ensures your own voice is ascendant.
However, there are some situations in which quotes are more than advisable.
When focusing on language
If you want to comment on how the author uses language (for example, in papers nearly literature, linguistics, advice and media), information technology is necessary to quote then that the reader can meet the exact passage you lot are referring to.
When giving evidence
To convince the reader of your argument, interpretation or position on a topic, it's oftentimes helpful to include quotes that support your bespeak. Quotes from chief sources (for example, interview transcripts or historical documents) are especially apparent as evidence.
When presenting an author's position or definition
When yous're referring to secondary sources such equally scholarly books and journal articles, the occasional concise quote can be used to present other authors' theories, arguments or ideas. You tin quote to testify that your signal is supported past an authority on the topic, or to critique a position that you disagree with.
Try to put others' ideas in your own words when possible. But if a passage does a bully chore at expressing, explaining, or defining something, and it would be very difficult to paraphrase without changing the meaning or losing the impact, information technology could be worth quoting directly.
How many quotes should y'all use?
The amount of quotes y'all should include depends on your subject area of study and topic of inquiry.
In scientific subjects, the information itself is more important than how information technology was expressed, so quotes should more often than not be kept to a minimum. In the arts and humanities, however, well-chosen quotes are often essential to a good paper.
In social sciences, the amount of quotes yous utilize depends partly on whether you're doing qualitative or quantitative research. If y'all're dealing mainly with numbers and statistics, you shouldn't include many quotes, simply if y'all're dealing mainly with words, yous will need to quote from the data yous collected.
As a general guideline, nosotros recommend that quotes take upwardly no more than than 5–10% of your newspaper. If in doubtfulness, cheque with your instructor or supervisor how much quoting is appropriate in your field.
Frequently asked questions near quoting sources
- What is a block quote?
-
A cake quote is a long quote formatted as a separate "block" of text. Instead of using quotation marks, you place the quote on a new line, and indent the unabridged quote to mark information technology autonomously from your own words.
The rules for when to apply block quote formatting depend on the commendation manner:
- APA block quotes are 40 words or longer.
- MLA block quotes are more than four lines of prose or iii lines of poetry.
- Chicago block quotes are longer than 100 words.
- What is verbatim plagiarism?
-
Verbatim plagiarism means copying text from a source and pasting it directly into your own document without giving proper credit.
Even if you delete a few words or supersede them with synonyms, it still counts every bit verbatim plagiarism.
To utilize an author's verbal words, quote the original source by putting the copied text in quotation marks and including an in-text citation.
If y'all're worried abotu plagiarism, consider running your work through a plagiarism checker tool prior to submission, which piece of work by using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.
Scribbr's Plagiarism Checker takes less than x minutes and can help you turn in your paper with confidence.
- What is incremental plagiarism?
-
Incremental plagiarism means inserting quotes, passages, or excerpts from other works into your assignment without properly citing the original source.
Fifty-fifty if the vast majority of the text is yours, including whatsoever content that isn't without citing it is plagiarism.
Consider using a plagiarism checker yourself before submitting your work. Plagiarism checkers work past scanning your document, comparing it to a database of webpages and publications, and highlighting passages that appear like to other texts.
Scribbr'due south Plagiarism Checker takes less than 10 minutes and tin can help y'all plough in your paper with confidence.
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